China’s ban on US animal proteins presents opportunities for European renderers
Published 18th June, 2025
China’s ban on all animal protein imports from the USA in the ongoing trade war between the two countries presents an opportunity for European renderers to enter this market, delegates at the recent European Fat Processors and Renderers Association (EFPRA) Congress heard.
The ban over the past two months had affected around 20,000 tonnes/month of shipments, Saria Group Southeast Asia regional director Raphaël Chaise told Oils & Fats International (OFI).
Chaise said China accounted for half of the top 20 feed companies in the world in 2024.The bulk of China’s imported animal proteins - such as meat and bone meal (MBM), fish meal and poultry meal - are used to produce feed for pigs, poultry and aquaculture.
One of the challenges for European renderers trying to export to Asian countries was that their regulations were drawn up in response to the Europe’s bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in the 1990s and there was great reluctance to adjust them, Chaise said.
heard that a key development that would help put European rendering on a level playing field with the rest of the world was an initiative to bring EU rules more in line with World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) standards.
“The most remarkable proposal is that in countries with ‘negligible BSE risk status’, no tissues shall be considered as Specified Risk Material (SRM) any more,” EFPRA president Robert Figgener said.
“By deciding that there is no longer any need to remove SRM, we would finally acknowledge the practical absence of BSE in Europe and, as a consequence, the practical absence of the respective risk. And if there is practically no risk, why would we any longer need the strictest precautions in the world?”
Figgener also called for Europe to allow the use of ruminant processed animal proteins (PAPs) or MBMs in animal feed (except for cattle) and aquaculture, like the rest of the world.
In other news, the World Renderers Organization (WRO) assembly held in conjunction with the EFPRA Congress reported that the first global Code of Practice for Rendering was expected to be published by 2027.
The joint WRO-Food and Argiculture Organization (FAO) guidance would encompass rendering history, sustainability, feed safety, HACCP and regulatory best practices.
WRO technical director Lucas Cypriano said the code of practice would provide guidance to countries in areas such as Africa, Southeast Asia and Central/South America which may not have their own rendering regulations.
https://www.ofimagazine.com/news/chinas-ban-on-us-animal-proteins-presents-opportunities-for-european-renderers
=====
Dr Francisco Reviriego Gordejo, head of animal health at the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) said that classical BSE associated with contaminated animal feed had not been identified in Europe recently, although atypical BSE not linked to feed contamination was still detected occasionally.
The congress on 4-7 June heard that a key development that would help put European rendering on a level playing field with the rest of the world was an initiative to bring EU rules more in line with World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) standards.
“The most remarkable proposal is that in countries with ‘negligible BSE risk status’, no tissues shall be considered as Specified Risk Material (SRM) any more,” EFPRA president Robert Figgener said.
“By deciding that there is no longer any need to remove SRM, we would finally acknowledge the practical absence of BSE in Europe and, as a consequence, the practical absence of the respective risk. And if there is practically no risk, why would we any longer need the strictest precautions in the world?”
Figgener also called for Europe to allow the use of ruminant processed animal proteins (PAPs) or MBMs in animal feed (except for cattle) and aquaculture, like the rest of the world.
“The most remarkable proposal is that in countries with ‘negligible BSE risk status’, no tissues shall be considered as Specified Risk Material (SRM) any more,” EFPRA president Robert Figgener said.
China’s ban on US animal proteins presents opportunities for European renderers
https://www.ofimagazine.com/news/chinas-ban-on-us-animal-proteins-presents-opportunities-for-european-renderers
EFPRA 2025 Congress in Riga
EFPRA 2025 in Riga is far more than just another industry event—it’s the key gathering for professionals who are shaping the future of the animal by-products (ABP) sector.
10:00 – 10:30 Potential Use of Rendered Proteins in Feed for Farmed Animals and Alternative Protein Sources – Prof. Luciano Pinotti, PhD, University of Milano, Italy
11:00 – 11:30 An update of actions ongoing as regards EU measures on Animal by-products (ABP) and as regards TSE - Dr Francisco Reviriego Gordejo, Head of Unit G2 (Animal Health) of DG SANTÉ
https://lionpro.com/get-ready-for-riga-2025-efpra-congress-preview/
https://efpra2025riga.eu/conference-speakers/
=====
“Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, Prpsc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of Prps in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.”
Abstract for Prion 2023
Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle
Authors: Sandor Dudas'
1, Samuel James Sharpe', Kristina Santiago-Mateo', Stefanie Czub', Waqas Tahirl,2, *
Affiliation: National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. ?Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
*Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca
Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (C-BSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined. Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of Prpso in the challenge cattle.
Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized.
Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for Prpsc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.
Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of Prpsc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of Prps in C-BSE.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, Prpsc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of Prps in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.
Presentation Type: Oral Presentation
Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute
Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250
https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf
“Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, Prpsc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of Prps in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.”
=====
Molecular phenotype shift after passage of low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE).
Zoe J. Lambert, M. Heather West Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Justin J. Greenlee Ames, USA
Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the molecular phenotypes of L-BSE in wild type cattle and cattle with the E211K polymorphism to samples of other cattle TSEs, such as classical BSE (C-BSE), hightype BSE (H-BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME).
Materials and Methods: Two wild type cattle (EE211 PRNP) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were intracranially inoculated with 1 mL of brain homogenate that originated from a 2005 French L-BSE case. Multiple assays were used to compare and differentiate tissues, including enzyme immunoassay, western blot (Sha31, 12B2, SAF84), stability (Sha31), and immunohistochemistry (F99/97).
Results: Approximately 16.6 months post-inoculation, Steer 6 (EK211 L-BSE) developed neurologic signs, including agitation, difficulty eating accompanied by weight loss, head tremor, ataxia, and fasciculations in the forelimbs, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated misfolded prion protein in the brainstem (4.0 O.D) but not in peripheral tissues, such as the retropharyngeal lymph node and palatine tonsil. When compared by western blot, the molecular phenotype of the brainstem of Steer 6 (EK211 L-BSE) is higher than that of wildtype cattle inoculated with L-BSE, requiring careful differentiation from C-BSE. Ongoing mouse studies in bovinized mice (K211 and TgBov) will provide data to compare to all other BSE strains available, including L-BSE, C-BSE, H-BSE, E211K H-BSE, and TME.
Conclusions: Further study of L-BSE in EK211 cattle with a higher molecular phenotype in the brainstem may give more insight into the origin of C-BSE.
Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE.
Grant number: DOE contract number DE-SC0014664 Acknowledgements: NA Theme: Animal prion diseases
=====end
PRION 2023 CONTINUED;
https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf
The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article
Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/
Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/
Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate
Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata
Affiliations expand
PMID: 21266763
Abstract
A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/
see full text;
https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf
See also;
OIE 2019 atypical BSE
Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.
https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf
Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019
34 Scientific Commission/September 2019
3. Atypical BSE
The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.
4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves
http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf
Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/
Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/
''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''
This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094
Previous studies have demonstrated that L-BSE can be orally transmitted to cattle (7) and might have caused prion disease in farm-raised minks (6), indicating that L-BSE could naturally affect various animal species. Our findings suggest that L-BSE can also be orally transmitted to macaques. Therefore, current control measures aimed at preventing primary C-BSE in cattle and humans may also need to consider the potential risk of spontaneous L-BSE transmission.
Volume 31, Number 5—May 2025
Dispatch
Administration of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Macaques to Evaluate Zoonotic Potential
Morikazu Imamura1Comments to Author , Ken’ichi Hagiwara, Minoru Tobiume, Minako Ohno, Hiromi Iguchi, Hanae Takatsuki, Tsuyoshi Mori, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Hiroaki Shibata, and Fumiko Ono1 Author affiliation: University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan (M. Imamura, M. Ohno, H. Iguchi, H. Takatsuki, T. Mori, R. Atarashi); National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (K. Hagiwara, M. Tobiume); The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Tsukuba, Japan (H. Shibata); Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan (F. Ono) Cite This Article
Abstract
We administered L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to macaques to determine their potential for transmission to humans. After 75 months, no clinical symptoms appeared, and prions were undetectable in any tissue by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification, however, revealed prions in the nerve and lymphoid tissues.
Worldwide emergence of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) is associated with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans (1). Two other naturally occurring BSE variants have been identified, L-type (L-BSE) and H-type. Studies using transgenic mice expressing human normal prion protein (PrPC) (2) and primates (3–5) have demonstrated that L-BSE is more virulent than C-BSE. Although L-BSE is orally transmissible to minks (6), cattle (7), and mouse lemurs (5), transmissibility to cynomolgus macaques, a suitable model for investigating human susceptibility to prions, remains unclear. We orally inoculated cynomolgus macaques with L-BSE prions and explored the presence of abnormal prion proteins (PrPSc) in tissues using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) along with Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). PMCA markedly accelerates prion replication in vitro, and its products retain the biochemical properties and transmissibility of seed prion strains (8).
The Study
Two macaques orally inoculated with L-BSE prions remained asymptomatic and healthy but were euthanized and autopsied at 75 months postinoculation. WB showed no PrPSc accumulation in any tissue (Table), IHC revealed no PrPSc accumulation, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed no spongiform changes in brain sections, and pathologic examination revealed no abnormalities.
Snip…
Conclusion We noted no detectable evidence of PrPSc by WB or IHC in any tissues of L-BSE orally inoculated macaques. Nevertheless, PMCA successfully amplified PrPres from lymphatic and neural tissues. The PrPres exhibited electrophoretic patterns distinct from those detected by PMCA using L-BSE–affected cattle BH as the seed (Figure 3, panel C), indicating that the PrPSc used as the template for PrPres amplification in orally inoculated macaques did not originate from the bovine L-BSE prions used as inoculum. Instead, PrPSc were newly generated by the conversion of macaque PrPC by bovine L-BSE prions. Our results provide strong evidence that L-BSE can infect macaques via the oral route.
We found no evidence that PrPSc reached the brain in orally inoculated macaques; however, the macaques euthanized 6 years postinoculation might have been in the preclinical period. At low infection levels, lymph nodes play a vital role in prion spread to the central nervous system (11). Therefore, had the macaques been maintained for a longer period, they might have developed prion disease. Retrospective surveillance studies using the appendix and tonsil tissues suggested a considerable number of humans harboring vCJD in a carrier state (12). Thus, we cannot exclude that L-BSE orally inoculated macaques could similarly remain in a potentially infectious state.
The brain of L-BSE intracerebrally inoculated macaque accumulated prions with biochemical properties resembling bovine L-BSE prions (Figure 3, panel C; Appendix Figure 2); however, we observed no PrPSc accumulation in lymphoid tissues by WB or IHC (4). In contrast, macaques orally inoculated with C-BSE prions showed PrPSc accumulation in lymphoid tissues, including the spleen, tonsils, and mesenteric lymph nodes by WB and IHC (13). In our study, L-BSE orally inoculated macaques harbored C-BSE–like prions in their lymphoid and neural tissues. Interspecies transmission of L-BSE prions to ovine PrP transgenic mice can result in a shift toward C-BSE–like properties (14,15). Our data suggest that L-BSE prions may alter biophysical and biochemical properties, depending on interspecies transmission and inoculation route, acquiring traits similar to those of C-BSE prions. This transformation might result from structural changes in the L-BSE prion to C-BSE–like prions and other lymphotropic prions within lymphoid tissues or from the selective propagation of low-level lymphotropic substrains within the L-BSE prion population.
The first limitation of our study is that the oral inoculation experiment involved only 2 macaques and tissues collected at 6 years postinoculation, before disease onset. Consequently, subsequent progression of prion disease symptoms remains speculative. A larger sample size and extended observation periods are required to conclusively establish infection in orally inoculated macaques. Furthermore, we performed no bioassays for PMCA-positive samples, leaving the relationship between PMCA results and infectious titers undefined. Considering that PrPres amplifications from tissues from the orally inoculated macaque tissues required 2 rounds of PMCA, the PrPSc levels in positive tissues might have been extremely low and undetectable in the bioassay.
Previous studies have demonstrated that L-BSE can be orally transmitted to cattle (7) and might have caused prion disease in farm-raised minks (6), indicating that L-BSE could naturally affect various animal species. Our findings suggest that L-BSE can also be orally transmitted to macaques. Therefore, current control measures aimed at preventing primary C-BSE in cattle and humans may also need to consider the potential risk of spontaneous L-BSE transmission.
Dr. Imamura is an associate professor in the Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. His research interests are focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying prion formation.
Acknowledgment This study was supported by the Health Labor Sciences Research Grant (H29-Shokuhin-Ippan-004, 20KA1003, and 23KA1004).
References…snip…end
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/5/24-1257_article#r5
THURSDAY, MAY 29, 2025
Animal feed company convicted at Ballymena court EU Regulation No.999/2001 TSE Regulations
https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/news/animal-feed-company-convicted-ballymena-court
https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2025/05/animal-feed-company-convicted-at.html
THURSDAY, JANUARY 9, 2025
UK ministers may lift BSE-era ban on animal remains in chicken and pig feed
https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2025/01/uk-ministers-may-lift-bse-era-ban-on.html
An isolated case of classical scrapie has been confirmed in a 2-year-old Welsh Mountain Badger Face female sheep. United Kingdom
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6524
THURSDAY, MAY 22, 2025
Single case of atypical BSE confirmed on a farm in Essex
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bseconfirmed-on-a-farm-in-essex
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2025/05/single-case-of-atypical-bseconfirmed-on.html
FRIDAY, MAY 23, 2025
Epidemiological investigation of a single atypical BSE case in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (RBSE 24/00006)
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bse-in-scotland-epidemiology-report-2025/epidemiological-investigation-of-a-single-atypical-bse-case-in-dumfries-and-galloway-scotland-rbse-2400006
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2025/05/epidemiological-investigation-of-single.html
Tuesday, June 3, 2025
World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) downgrades UK’s BSE risk rating to negligible
“Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.”
https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2025/06/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html
Friday, October 4, 2024
another atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Ireland
https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2024/10/another-atypical-bovine-spongiform.html
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023
Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023
Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html
SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023
Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html
WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type
Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type
Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html
Monday, March 20, 2023
WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall
https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html
BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18
BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22
BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html
SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21
SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03
SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html
NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01
NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01
NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html
USA BSE Testing and Surveillance?
Bottom line, USA is testing so few cows for BSE (<25k tested annually)
BUT, even at those low testing figures, the USA did just confirm another case of BSE just here recently. Feed ban has failed terribly, and CWD is spreading in the USA, at an alarming rate. Recent transmission studies show oral transmission of CWD of Cervid to cattle. Studies also show links of sporadic CJD to BSE, Scrapie, and CWD. It’s a Whole new game of Prion poker now$$$
Wednesday, May 24, 2023
***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification
https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067
https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html
https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification
SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023
***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html
https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed
MAY 19, 2023
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse
2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;
***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;
Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023
''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002
https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf
1985
Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.
snip...
The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...
https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf
Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023
The infamous 1997 mad cow feed ban i.e. Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
***>However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
WITH GREAT URGENCY, THE Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) MUST BE ENHANCED AND UPDATED TO INCLUDE CERVID, PIGS, AND SHEEP, SINCE RECENT SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES ALL, INCLUDING CATTLE, HAVE SHOWN ORAL TSE PrP TRANSMISSIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES, AND THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITH THE UTMOST URGENCY
2016
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed
PUBLIC SUBMISSION
Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.
Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016 Comment
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011
https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432
Contains Nonbinding Recommendations
III. Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk
Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.
IV. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal.
V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery
Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease
Published: August 20, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410
The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.
Snip…
In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410&type=printable
Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation
Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec
aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US
Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.
Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.
Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.
Funded by: US Department of Agriculture
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286
https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html
NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry
cwd scrapie pigs oral routes
***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <***
*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <***
***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18(44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%).
***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105
CONFIDENTIAL
EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
LINE TO TAKE
3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:-
"There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.
DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201
http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf
While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...
http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf
we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf
May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...
http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf
3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...
http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf
But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf
Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....
http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf
Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period
*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.
*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.
*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160
***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.
***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20
Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002
https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf
Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002
https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf
Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification
https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003
https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed
PUBLIC SUBMISSION
Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.
Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016 Comment
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011
https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432
MONDAY, JUNE 09, 2025
The naturally occurring lysine to glutamic acid substitution (E211K in the bovine prion protein) results in short incubation periods for H-type bovine spongioform encephalopathy (BSE), Singeltary Review
https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2025/06/the-naturally-occurring-lysine-to.html
THURSDAY, JUNE 5, 2025
World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) downgrades UK’s BSE risk rating to negligible, what could go wrong?
https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2025/06/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html
THURSDAY, MAY 29, 2025
Animal feed company convicted at Ballymena court EU Regulation No.999/2001 TSE Regulations
https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2025/05/animal-feed-company-convicted-at.html
SATURDAY, JUNE 14, 2025
1st meeting of the TSE subgroup of the Animal Health Network event date: 25 November 2025
https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2025/06/1st-meeting-of-tse-subgroup-of-animal.html
THURSDAY, JUNE 12, 2025
Redefining the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease Singeltary Review
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2025/06/redefining-zoonotic-potential-of.html
WEDNESDAY, MAY 14, 2025
Texas CWD TSE Prion Cases Rises to 1099 Confirmed Cases To Date
https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2025/05/texas-cwd-tse-prion-cases-rises-to-1099.html
FRIDAY, APRIL 04, 2025
Trucking CWD TSE Prion
“CWD spreads among wild populations at a relatively slow rate, limited by the natural home range and dispersed nature of wild animals.”
NOW HOLD YOUR HORSES, Chronic Wasting Disease CWD of Cervid can spread rather swiftly, traveling around 50 MPH, from the back of truck and trailer, and Here in Texas, we call it ‘Trucking CWD’…
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2025/04/trucking-cwd-tse-prion.html
Friday, February 21, 2025
Distribution of Chronic Wasting Disease in North America February 2025
https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2025/02/distribution-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html
Friday, May 12, 2023
Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023
11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023
http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf
https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html
A Camelid Anti-PrP Antibody Abrogates PrPSc Replication in Prion-Permissive Neuroblastoma Cell Lines
Daryl Rhys Jones,William Alexander Taylor,Clive Bate,Monique David,Mourad Tayebi
Published: March 22, 2010
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009804
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804
15 Apr 2018 23:13 GMT MOST RECENT
Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria
Posted by flounder on 15 Apr 2018 at 23:13 GMT
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/fea97a95-2600-42a6-b289-0f490896a3aa
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009804
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article
Concerned!
terry
